Difference equations, as discrete analogues of differential equations, form a fundamental mathematical framework for describing systems that evolve incrementally over time or space. Coupled with ...

This rapidly evolving field extends classical discrete calculus by introducing non-integer, or fractional, orders of difference operators. Such an approach is particularly well suited to modelling ...

In many biological and physical systems, feedback mechanisms depend on a set of thresholds associated with the state variables. Each feedback has a characteristic time scale. We suggest that ...

To mathematicians, equations are art. Just as many are moved by a painting or piece of music, to those who appreciate and understand math, expressions of numbers, variables, operations and relations ...