Figure 1 shows that individual measurement values hover around a mean value and the difference between the mean value and true value is the systematic error of ...

Systematic sampling is straightforward and low risk, offering better control. However, it may introduce sampling errors and ...

When gathering a measurement using a spectroscopy instrument, the user wants to be confident in the result. Whether the technique is OES, XRF, or LIBS, or if thickness or composition are measured, the ...

GPS receivers must deal with measurements and models that have some degree of error, which gets propagated into the position solution. If the errors are systematically different for the different ...