On present-day Earth, plate subduction continuously modifies the chemical composition of the convecting mantle, and various mantle sources linked to these processes have been widely studied. However, ...

The plate tectonics theory established in the 20th century has been successful in interpreting many geological phenomena, processes, and events that have occurred in the Phanerozoic. However, the ...

Left panel: 240 Ma; middle panel: 80 Ma; right panel: the preindustrial (PI) era. Green shading marks monsoon domains, with the color representing the annual precipitation amount (color bar interval ...

Pangea may have vanished 200 million years ago, but it left a trail of clues in rocks, fossils, and even magnetic fields that still stitch the continents together. From identical mountain belts to ...