Many models of economic growth exclude materials, energy and other intermediate inputs from the production function. Growing environmental pressures and resource prices suggest that this may be ...

Disclaimer: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those ...

Abstract: Based on historical, international and Chinese regional data, this paper reveals the general law of the change of intermediate input rate and the evolution characteristics of China’s ...

The rising interconnectedness of production centres around the world highlights the role of imported intermediate inputs in manufacturing processes. Intermediate inputs are partly finished goods, such ...

Under the recent rapid development of production fragmentation across countries, there is a growing number of studies that examines the effect of international outsourcing and offshoring decisions on ...

This paper analyzes whether uniform tariffs give rise to the highest welfare compared with tariffs that either escalate or de-escalate along the value chain of production. We show that countries may ...

Ministry clarifies that 13 June order aims to ensure fair competition and prevent dumping of substandard steel into India The Ministry of Steel has issued a clarification regarding its 13 June 2025 ...