Lock-in amplifiers were invented in the 1930s [1, 2, 3] and commercialized [4] in the mid 20 th century as electrical instruments that are capable of extracting signal amplitudes and phases in ...

Phase sensitive or lock-in amplifiers can extract low level signals in the presence of relatively high noise and, recently, there has been growing interest in their use in portable or embedded ...

Lock-in amplifiers let you measure very small signals that would otherwise get lost in the noise of even the best available amplifiers. Originally analog circuits, lock-in amplifiers have evolved into ...

If you want to extract a signal from a huge amount of noise, a lock-in amplifier is the ideal tool. But when it comes to buying one, doing your homework first can avoid a costly mistake, advises ...

In principle, optical phase-sensitive amplifiers are known to be capable of realizing noiseless amplification, as well as improving the signal-to-noise-ratio of optical links by 3 dB compared to ...