The 4- to 20-mA current loop is ubiquitous in the world of controls in manufacturing plants. Discrete logic, microprocessors, and microcontrollers easily cover the digital portions of control schemes, ...

After my last Signal Chain Basics article, The basics of op amp loop-stability analysis: A tale of twin loop-gains, I received questions about how to generate the open-loop SPICE simulation curves ...

Significant efficiency and performance improvements can be realized by improving the current loop’s power supplies, replacing linear regulators with high-efficiency buck regulators. It also increases ...

Use of 4-to-20-mA current loops involves more than just a simple series connection between sensor, display, and power supply. The point where a sensor takes a measurement is, at times, many yards away ...

A circuit is a closed loop containing various components. Electrical current flows around the circuit. Scientists use symbols to represent the different components in a circuit. Symbols are simplified ...

A newly identified part of a brain circuit mixes sensory information, memories, and emotions to tell whether things are familiar or new, and important or just "background noise." Led by researchers ...

Reentry arrhythmia occurs when electrical signals in the heart deviate from their usual path, creating a loop that causes repeated stimulation and disrupts the heart’s rhythm. Symptoms of reentry ...