Victimless crimes are characterized by the absence of a third party who has an immediate interest in complaining to the police or presenting evidence against the culprits. These crimes are primarily ...

In summary, fines are judicial monetary punishments requiring court conviction, while penalties are administrative consequences imposed directly by regulatory authorities for statutory non-compliance.

The primary objective of an Anton Piller order is to prevent unscrupulous defendants from circumventing the court's processes by destroying or otherwise making relevant evidence disappear. This remedy ...

What's clear is that in a modern democracy, constitutional accountability must extend to all entities wielding significant public power. The extension of Article 12 to public utilities and the ...

A John Doe order is a type of legal injunction that allows a plaintiff to take action against unknown or unidentified defendants. The term "John Doe" serves as a placeholder name for anonymous parties ...

Article 12 of the Constitution of India serves as the foundational provision defining the scope of "state" for the enforcement of fundamental rights, and its interpretation has profound implications ...

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 marked India's first comprehensive attempt to protect consumer interests through dedicated legislation. This Act was enacted as a social welfare measure to provide ...

The transition from the MRTP Act to the Competition Act represents a fundamental philosophical shift in India's approach to public utilities regulation. While the MRTP Act operated on the premise that ...

The Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 contained several provisions relevant to public utilities, though it largely exempted government-controlled enterprises from its ...

The Air India v. Nergesh Meerza case of 1981 stands as one of the most significant judicial decisions in Indian legal history concerning gender discrimination in the workplace. This landmark Supreme ...

Telecommunications represents a clear example of Union List dominance, with the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) serving as the primary regulatory body since 1997. TRAI's mandate includes ...

This landmark judgment established that employment policies must have a rational nexus to job requirements rather than being based on gender stereotypes. The case became a cornerstone for advancing ...